Short Notes

Heavy Industry

Heavy industry is that industry which not only produces goods on large scale but also produces machines and raw material for other industries e.g. Pakistan Steel Mill and Shipyard in Karachi.

Example of Heavy Duty Industry

There are 11 types of Industries working in Pakistan.

(1) The petroleum products Industry.
(2) Automobile Industry.
(3) Cement and Chemical fertlizers Industry.
(4) Ghee and Cooking oil Industry.
(5) Tobacco and Cigarette Industry.
(6) Textile Industry.
(7) Leather goods Industry.
(8) Paper products Industry.
(9) Cosmetics and toilet Chemical Industry.
(10) Plastic goods Industry.
(11) Sugar Industry.

Public Sector Industry

From 1970 the government is producing heavy industrial goods. But some heavy industries have been sold to the private sector. At this time cooperation and 40 industrial units are in public sector to 2001 sector provided 24886 jobs to the people. Pakistan Steel Mill is the biggest industry in public sector which produces basic raw material for the industry.

Defence Industry

Defence industry plays an important role in safety of our country. In Wah Aid Texila, defence industries are preparing small and large weapons. Texila defence industry was set up with the help of China, Kahuta Laboratories and promoting aur nuclear program. At Chashma there are similar laboratories which are fulfilling the requirements of our defence. Through the Fauji Foundation some other industries have been setup in which retired army personnel are engaged to produce different goods including army uniforms.

Small Scale Industry and Problems of Small Scale Industry

Small Scale Industry

Small scale industry has always been praised in different ways in various countries. In Pakistan this industry is that one which after employing 2 to 9 workers produces different goods for the market on small scale. Following are the main small scale industries.
Poultry farms, dairy farm, honey making industry, carpets, pots, sports goods, fans and electric motors etc.

Problems of Small Scale Industry

(I) Decreases in the Productive Capabilities of the Labour  

Small scale industrialists have less capital. That’s why they cannot expand their bussiness due to lack of capital.

(II) Lack of Technical Skills  

 Workers are uneducated and unskilled. Due to non-availibility of new technology it is very difficult for the semi skilled and illiterate workers to maintain the standard of their products. So they cannot establish large scale industry because of lack of technical skills.

(III) Lack of Cooperation

Due to lack of cooperation small scale industry faces different difficulties. The difficulty to find the profitable markets and competition with the large scale industries which produces better goods and the small industry has to face losses.

(IV) Outdated Means of Production

The cause of problems in small scale industry is that they use mainly old and outdated means of production.

(V) Step Motherly Treatment

The Step Motherly Treatment of the government departments creates lot of problems. Small industry finds it difficult to get the good raw material. It cannot train their workers and pay them good wages. They work without the benefits of social security

Backwardness of Industry in Pakistan

Causes of Backwardness of Industry in Pakistan

Following are the causes of the lack of industrial progress in Pakistan.

(I) Industrial Policies of Different Governments

When new government takes over it disposes of all policies of previous government. Due to this our country faces great problems and causes lack of progress.

(II) Decrease in the Capital

Every industry wants a large number of capitals but due to lack of capital industry will not progress.

(III) Limited Markets

Limited markets are also the cause of lack of industrial progress.

(IV) Decreases in the Productive Capabilities of the Labour

When labour will works hard then any industry makes progress and production will also improve and increase. If labour will not work then industry will deteriorate.

(V) Lack of Means of Transportation and Communication

Communication plays an important and vital role in industry’s progress. If communication system is in disorder then our product is out of order. That’s why lack of communication and transportation also causes the industry failure.

(VI) Expensive Means

Expensive means of transportation and communication.

(VII) Lack of Technical Knowledge

If workers are not technical minded then our industry will not progress. Lack of our technical workers is the downfall of our industries.

(VIII) Shortage of Entrepreneurs

Because of shortage of entrepreneurs industry will not progress.

(IX) Lack of Education

Lack of political coordination and political stability is the cause of industry’s failure.

(X) Non-Availibility of Electricity

Non-Availibility of Electricity in many regions.

(XI) Common Load Shedding

Electricity plays an important role in Pakistan’s progress. Pakistan is not self sufficient in electricity that’s why common load shedding also causes failure in industry’s progress.

(XII) Economic Restrictions Imposed by Other Countries

An economic restriction imposed by other countries also causes failure of industry’s progress.

(XIII) Lack of Effective Exploration of the World Market

Lack of effective exploration of the world market also causes failure of industry’s progress

Industrial Progress of Pakistan

Industry

Industry is such a place where the enterpreneur and labour through the machines and tools convert the shape of capital raw material and natural resources in such way that their utility may increase to fulfill the needs of the people to a large extent and may fetch maximum price in the market.

Factors of Industrial Progress

In Pakistan the ratio of industrial progress was 7.6% during the year 2000-2002 which is much lower in the world. Following are the factors of Industrial progress.

(I) Increase National Income

Industrial progress increases the national income.

(II) Raising Living Standard

Raises the living standard of the people.

(III) Economic Stability

Creates economic Stability.

(IV) Balance of Payment

Improved the balance of payments of the country.

(V) Increases Exports

Promotes exports and earns foreign exchange.

(VI) Progress of other Sectors

Promotes the progress of other sectors.

(VII) Employment Opportunities of Employment

Provides opportunities of employment.

(VIII) Specializations

Encourages specialization in the country.

(IX) Progress of Agriculture

Help in the progress of agriculture.

(X) Provides New Things

Provides new thing to the people

Fill in the Blanks

1. Allah has created plants, trees, minerals and water for human beings as well as animals. They are called natural resources.

2. The upper layer of the earth which is composed of different thin rock particles is helpful in the growth of vegetation and plants that is called soil.

3. Solid particles air and water are the basic components of soil.

4. Those materials which are transported from one place to another by rivers and deposited at other places are called Alluvium soil.

5. Wind transports the material from one place to another which is deposited over the surface that is called Aeolian soil.

6. The Indus plain is made with the deposition of Alluvium by the Indus River and its tributes.

7. Bangar soils cover a vast area of the Indus Plain.

8. Indus Delta soils extend from Hyderabad to the South Coastal area.

9. Rice is cultivated in the major part of Indus Delta soils.

10. 1/3 of the total energy requirements of Pakistan are fulfilled by forests.

11. It is important for balanced economy of a country to have forests on about 25% of area.

12. There are evergreen forests in northern and north-western parts of Pakistan.

13. Northern and north-western parts of Pakistan receive more rainfall due to evergreen forests.

14. Hardwood for the making of furniture is available from evergreen forests.

15. The dry hill forests are found at altitude of about 900 to 3000 meters in Quetta and kalat division of Balochistan.

16. Mangrove forests are found along the coastline from Karachi to Kutch.

17. Forests provide wood as fuel in place of coal.

18. Rivers carry huge amount of sand and silt that fill our dams and lakes.

19. Forests make 3.6% of the total area of Pakistan.

20. The mineral development corporation was established in 1975.

21. Iron ore, Chromites and Copper are the Metallic Minerals.

22. Rock Salt, Limestone, Gypsum, Marble and Sulphure are the Non-Metallic marbles.

23. China Clay and Fire Clay are the Non-Metallic marbles.

24. Gemstone is a Non-Metallic marbles.

25. Coal Natural Gas and Crude Oil are the Power Resources minerals.

 26. The biggest mine of coal is Salt Range in Punjab.

27. The oil obtained from Attock, Jhelum and Chakwal districts is refined in Morgah Refinery near
Rawalpindi.

28. The reservoirs of natural gas are in Sui, Uch, Zin, Kherpur, Muzrani, Hindi, Kundkot, Sarung, Dhodak, Peerkoh and Dhullian.

29. Pakistan set up a Steel Mill in Karachi with the cooperation of Russia.

30. The biggest reservoir of iron is found in Kala Bagh.

31. Chromite is a white metal which is used to make iron.

32. The biggest mine of rock salt is found at Khewra.

33. Limestone is very useful raw material for cement industry.

34. Gypsum is a bright stone of white colour.

35. In Khyber Agency at Mullah Gori, the best kind of Marble is found.

36. Angora (District Swat) and Tharparkar (Sindh) are known for China Clays.

37. Fire Clay is used in kilns of bricks.

38. 25% area of total area of Pakistan is cultivated.

39. Wheat, Sugarcane, maize and rice are major food crops.

40. 55% of peoples are working in the field of Agriculture.

41. 70% cultivated area of the country is under irrigation system.

42. The artificial way of watering the crops is called Irrigation.

43. Pakistan is irrigated by five rivers which are Rave, Stale, Helium, China and Indus.

44. Karez system of irrigation is used in Balochistan.

45. River Indus, Jhelum and Chenab are the main sources of water for Pakistan.

46. Upper Ban Doab and Lower Ban Doab are two important canals of river Ravi.

47. The upper Chenab and lower Chenab irrigate the area of Rachna Doab.

48. Upper Jhelum and lower Jhelum irrigates the area of Chaj Doab.

49. The Peshawar area is irrigated by the canal from Swat River.

50. Hydroelectricity and thermal electricity are important Power Resources.

51. The Ghazi Barotha project in river Indus is used for Hydroelectricity.

52. This Tarbela Dam dam is situated on Indus River.

53. The Tarbela is one of the biggest Dams of the world.

54. The Mangla Dam is located on Jhelum River.

55. Pakistan has operated Atomic Blasts in Chagi in Balochistan on 28 May 1998.

Short Questions Answers

Q.1 Write down the kinds of Pakistan Soils?

Ans.
A. Residual Soils: They are formed at the sites of origin when rocks and hills breaks. It is mostly unfit for cultivation.
B. Transported Soils; They are carried by various agents eg. Speedy water of streams, rivers and strong winds.

Q.2 Write down the soils of North Western Mountains Regions?

Ans.
A. The colour is dark brown
B. It is capable for vegetation
C. They are found in Swat, Chitral and Gilgit.

Q.3 Write down the soil of Upper Indus Plain?

Ans.
A. The colour is blackish.
B. It has high constants of calcium carbonate and less organic matter.
C. They are found in Attock, Lahore, Multan etc.

Q.4 Write down the soil of Indus Delta?

Ans.
A. The colour is black.
B. The soil contains clay, under flood water condition saline loamy.
C. The soil is located in Indus Delta.

Q.5 Write down the soil of lower Indus Basin?

Ans.
A. It has multiple colours.
B. It has lime stone, silt and clay.
C. It is found in North West of River Indus and South Eastern area of river Indus.

Q.6 Write down the agriculture forests?

Ans.
A. Forests of North East.
B. Shrub Forests.
C. Balochistan hills forests.
D. The Tidal forests.

Q.7 Write the cool producing area in Pakistan?

Ans.
A. PUNJAB: Pidh, Makarwal and Arokhat chala are imporatant cool producing recognised.
B. SINDH: Jhampir, Tharparkar are important cool producing organs.
C. NWFP: Koirata is an important cool producing regions.
D. Balochistan: Hornic and Ziarat are important cool producing region.

Q.8 Write the Gypsum producing areas of Pakistan?

Ans.
A. Punjab: Mianwali and Jhelum.
B. Balochistan: Quetta and Sibbi.
C. N.W.F.P: Kohat.
D. Sindh: Dadoo.

Q.9 Write the four food crops of Pakistan?

Ans.
A. Wheat
B. Rice
C. Maize
D. Pulses

Q.10 Write the cash crop of Pakistan?

Ans.
A. Cotton
B. Sugar Cane
C. Tobacco

Q.11 Write down any four agricultural problems of Pakistan?

Ans.
A. UN economic land holding
B. Scarcity of water
C. Soil Erosion
D. Lack of means of Transportation

Q.12 Write down four step which government have taken for the development of agriculture?

Ans.
A. Establishment of Model forms
B. Increase irrigation facilities
C. Control over water logging and salinity
D. Use of communication media

Q.13 Write down the means of irrigation in Pakistan?

Ans.
A. Wells
B. Tube Wells
C. Canals
D. Kareez

Q.14 Write down canal system of upper Indus valley?

Ans.
A. The upper and the lower Jhelum Canals.
B. The upper and the lower Chenab Canals.
C. Thal Canal.
D. Warsak Dam Canal.

Q.15 Write down the canal system of lower Indus Valley?

Ans.
A. Guddu Barrage Canal.
B. Sukkur Barrage Canal.
C. Kotri Barrage Canal.

Q.16 Write down the multipurpose dam in Pakistan?

Ans.
A. Mangla Dam
B. Tarbella Dam
C. Kala Bagh Dam

Q.17 Write down the sources of energy in Pakistan?

A. Coal
B. Gas
C. Petroleum
D. Water (Hydroelectricity)

Q.18 Write down the names of four aritficial forest of Pakistan?

Ans.
A. Jhelum
B. Mianwali
C. Dera Ghazi Khan
D. Changa Manga

Human Resources

Natural Resources

The economic development of a country totally depends upon natural resources. The exploitation of natural resources and their usefulness depends upon the efforts of human beings.

Population of Pakistan

The population of Pakistan has gone beyond 150 millions which has made Pakistan seven biggest country in the world. To meet the needs of growing population we have to increase our agricultural production.

Self Sufficient

By the grace of Allah our economy is progressing to gain self sufficiency. Moreover some excess production of grains is exported to earn foreign exchange.Education is required to be developed on modern, lines. Modern techniques and research can accelerate the progress of agriculture and industry.

OverCome to Over-Crowed Population

The alarming situation is the rate of growth of population which is more than that of the production of natural resources. This thing effects the economic growth of the country. Through accelerated exploitation of existing energy resources, we can promote economy of the country